Though the 2025 Super Bowl winners did not disclose financial terms, US media said the extension was worth $152 million (133.5 million euros), or $38 million per year, with $106 million guaranteed.
Carter, 25, is one of the NFL's most highly-rated young defenders, having been selected to each of the last two Pro Bowls.
He was drafted ninth in the first round in 2023, and became a cornerstone of the Eagles' vaunted defense.
Carter has 13.5 quarterback sacks and 108 tackles across his first three seasons with Philadelphia.
His initial four-year deal had already been extended by one year, but the new contract locks down his long-term future.
"He disrupts the game, he's smart, and he plays hard," Eagles defensive coordinator Vic Fangio said in a statement.
"There aren't many like him out there and I'm glad he's on our side."
The talented star has also drawn controversy.
Carter was ejected from last year's NFL season-opener before playing a snap for spitting on Dallas Cowboys quarterback Dak Prescott.
Just weeks before his 2023 draft, Carter was charged with reckless driving and racing, after a University of Georgia teammate and staff member in a different vehicle were killed in a late-night street race.
Carter, who was not under the influence of alcohol or drugs, pleaded no contest to two misdemeanor charges and did not receive jail time.